How The Strength And Bmd Is Maintained - 1531 Words

How optimum bone strength and BMD is maintained Bone remodeling is a five-stage process. Bone is renewed to prevent accumulation of micro-damage and maintain bone strength and BMD (Burr, 2002) (See figure1): 1. Alteration in mechanical loading and micro-fracture is sensed by osteocytes. In response, bone-resorbing factors are released, activating bone-lining cells, which interact with pre-osteoclasts. The interaction stimulates pre-osteoclasts fusion and differentiation into multinucleated osteoclasts (Rucci, 2008) 2. Osteoclasts secrete matrix metalloproteinase and hydrogen ions via ATPase proton pumps into the area being reabsorbed, in order to lower the pH and digest the organic matrix. The osteoclasts then undergo apoptosis 3. Resorption ceases as mononuclear monocytes and macrophages replace osteoclasts to remove debris (Eriksen, 1986; Joseph Berstein, 2014). 4. Pre-osteoblasts are recruited by cytokines: transforming growth factor beta, insulin growth-like factors, fibroblast growth factors and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) (Hock et al, 2004). The actions of BMPs cause pre-osteoblasts to differentiate into osteoblasts (Monolagas, 2000). Osteoblasts then secrete bone matrix proteins: type-I collagen, osteocalcin, proteoglycans, growth factors and glycoproteins into the resorption pits (Nair et al, 1996). Approximately 50% of osteoblasts then undergo apoptosis and the remaining become embedded osteocytes or bone lining cells. 5. The matrix is later mineralizedShow MoreRelatedFactors That Caused The Onset Of Her Disease?2123 Words   |  9 Pagessuch as dates for all occurrences and personal medical history, allowing better insight, to possible secondary causes of osteoporosis (OP). b. Diet and exercise are pivotal in the maintenance of bone mass density (BMD), there now several bisphosphonates that can be used to improve BMD. An increase of dietary vitamin D, K and Calcium will also help to strengthen the tight coupling relationship between osteoclasts and osteoblasts which will help to maintain healthy bone structure. c. HypotheticallyRead MoreThe Genetic Disorder : Prader Willi Syndrome1558 Words   |  7 Pagesis present, but are not functional known as microdeletion (Griggs, 2015). Although research has narrowed down the region of the affected chromosome, the specific genes that are involved have yet to be found. There are also no solid indicators as to how they play into the development of PWS symptoms (Khor, 2016). Risk Factors Since PWS is in most cases, random, there is an extremely limited chance that the genetic change will be passed down to the next generation. In the case of microdeletion, itRead MoreOsteoporosis Is A Disease That Disproportionately Affects Postmenopausal Women Essay1431 Words   |  6 Pagesliving cells that multiply to grow and repair bones as we age. Bones structurally consist of a hard, calcified outer layer, and an inner matrix made of collagen and non-collagen proteins.3 Healthy bone mass, and the structure of this inner matrix, is maintained through processes called resorption and remodeling.1 Resorption occurs as some cells dissolve bone matrix for the body to reabsorb and reuse the minerals, and remodeling occurs simultaneously as other cells deposit new bone matrix proteins to replaceRead MoreOsteoporosis Is The Most Common Bone Disease1800 Words   |  8 Pagesdisease and is characterized by low bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue and disruption of bone architecture, compromised bone strength, and an increase in the risk of bone fracture. The World health organization (WHO) defines osteoporosis as having a bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip or the lumbar spine of less than or equal to 2.5 standard deviations below the mean BMD of a young-adult reference population. Based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III)Read MoreExercise Referral Foundation Course Assessment 2: Case Study Report13144 Words   |  53 PagesLecturer: Gavin Loze Exercise Referral Foundation Course Assessment 2: Case Study Report 1. Summary of the client details [pic] Additional Information BMI 29 BF 31% Weight 85kg Peak Flow 400 BMD 2.5 SD Norm (vertebrae, Wrist) TYPE 1 Osteoporosis Smoking (10 per day) decided to stop Sedentary lifestyle Poor diet Low self efficacy Low self esteem 2. Medical conditions Hypertension (HTN) BloodRead MoreProfessional Portfolio Essay2195 Words   |  9 Pages ethical, dependable, and knowledgeable. My most important future contribution to others will be that I loved them and wanted to share in their happiness. I will strive to incorporate the following attributes into my life: * Patience * Strength of mind * Lightness of heart 30-second Commercial Presently, I have 15 years of experience working with a military customer – eight years on Active Duty in the Navy and the other seven with Raytheon Company. I have an Associates of AppliedRead MoreThe Effect of Derivatives Usage on Firm Value and Performance12986 Words   |  52 Pages2008 U.S. sub-prime mortgage is discussed at least in passing here. Five years leading up to the financial crisis of 2008, the approximate global notional amount of derivatives tripled to $600 trillion. The pervasiveness of their use clearly depicts how a domino effect of failures in the financial sector could easily occur without proper regulations. Nonetheless, the global notional amount still continues to grow. Despite the realized dangers, each actual dollar value of derivatives at present supports